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Effects of Insulin on Blood Glucose Entry and Removal Rates in Man
George A. Reichard, A. Gerson Jacobs, Philip Kimbel, Norman J. Hochella, Sidney Weinhouse
By measuring the rate of decline of the specific radioactivity of blood glucose following injection of a single dose of glucose uniformly labeled with carbon-14, one can calculate its rates of entry to and removal from the blood.In applying this procedure in experiments with intact dogs and human subjects results were obtained that indicated that the immediate hypoglycemic action of insulin is due not only to an accelerated removal, but also to a lowered inflow of blood glucose. However, the relative quantitative importance of each of these effects is still uncertain. Inasmuch as the liver is in all likelihood the principal source of the blood glucose, and since this organ has a considerable capacity for binding insulin, it may be anticipated that hepatic effects of insulin might predominate during its slow introduction into the blood, such as would occur when it is physiologically secreted. It has been reported that intraportal injection of insulin is not as effective in lowering blood sugar as peripheral venous injection. Moreover, the oral hypoglycemic agents, whose effects are generally attributed to their ability to stimulate pancreatic insulin secretion, apparently suppress hepatic glucose output but have little effect on peripheral glucose utilization. To gain further information on the possible quantitative importance of an hepatic effect of insulin, a series of experiments was conducted in which a slow, steady introduction of insulin into the bloodstream was established by subcutaneous injection of the hormone.
The results of the earlier studies were extended and confirmed in indicating that a slow, regular entry of insulin into the blood prolongs the hepatic effect and decreases the peripheral action as compared with a single intravenous injection.
